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Abbreviations Ala: Alanine ALDH18A1: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family member A1 AMPK: Adenosine 5-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase ANXA2: Annexin A2 aPDL1: Anti-PDL1 antibody AREG: Amphiregulin ARPC1A: Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1 A ASCT2: Alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2 ASNS: Asparagine synthetase Asp: Aspartic acid ATF4: Activating transcription factor 4 AZA: Azacytidine BBR: Berberine BC: Breast cancer BCa: Bladder cancer cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CAR-T: Chimeric antigen receptor-T CD69: Cell adhesion molecule 69 CD8: Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen 8 cDC1: Type 1 conventional dendritic cells CEMIP: Cell migration-induced hyaluronan-binding protein circRNAs: Circular RNAs c-MYC: Myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog CQ: Chloroquine CRC: Colorectal cancer CSC: Cancer stem cells CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor CTL: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte DON: 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine ECM: Extracellular matrix EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition EphA2: Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular A2 ERK: Extracellular regulated protein kinases ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma FA-DCNP: Folic acid-targeted nanoparticles FAO: Fatty acid -oxidation FAs: Fatty acids FLIP: FLICE-inhibitory protein GABA: -aminobutyric acid GAD: Glutamic acid decarboxylase GBM: Glioblastoma GC: Gastric carcinoma GCN5: General control non-derepressible 5 GDH: Glutamine dehydrogenase Gln: Glutamine GLS: Glutaminase Glu: Glutamic acid GLUD: Glutamate dehydrogenase GLUL: Glutamate-ammonia ligase GLULH: Glutathione GLUT1: Glucose transporter 1 GMII: Glutamine metabolism immunity index GOT1: Glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase 1 GPCRs: G protein-coupled receptors GS: Glutamine synthetase Gsk3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 GZMB: Granzyme B HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma HDAC: Histone deacetylase HEPG: Hepatocellular carcinoma HNSCC: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma hSPAR: Human SPAR ICB: Immune checkpoint blockade IFN-: Interferon- IL-1: Interleukin-1 IL-6: Interleukin-6 JAK: Janus kinase Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 LAT2: L-amino acid transporter protein 2 LATS: Large tumor suppressor kinase LDHA: Lactate dehydrogenase LNCaP: Human prostate cancer cells lncRNAs: Long-stranded non-coding RNAs LND: Lonidamine LPO: Lipid peroxidation LUAD: Lung adenocarcinoma M1-TAMs: M1-type macrophages M2-TAMs: M2-type macrophages MDS: Myelodysplastic syndromes MM: Multiple myeloma MoS2: Molybdenum disulfide MRPL35: Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L35 MSO: l-methionine sulfoximine mTORC1: Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 MZF1: Myeloid zinc finger 1 NADH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen ncRNAs: Non-coding RNAs NetG1: Netrin G1 NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa-B NKT: Natural killer T NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer NSUN2: NOP2/Sun RNA methyltransferase 2 OA: Oleic acid OAA: Oxaloacetic acid OC: Ovarian cancer OSCC: Oral squamous cell carcinoma OTUD4: OTU deubiquitinase 4 OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation PC: Pancreatic cancer PCa: Prostate cancer PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma PHGDH: Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase PKA: Protein kinase A PM: Particulate matter PRF1: Perforin 1 PSAT1: Phosphatidylserine aminotransferase 1 PTC: Papillary thyroid carcinoma PYCR1: Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid reductase 1 RA: Retinoic acid ROS: Reactive oxygen species rRNA: ribosomal RNA S100A2: S100calcium-binding protein A2 SCLC: Small cell lung cancer SIRT4: Sirtuin 4 SLC1A5-AS: SLC1A5 antisense long non-coding RNA SLC38A2: Solute carrier family 38 member 2 SREBP-1: Sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 SSP: Synthesis pathway STAB1: SATB homeobox 1 STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription TARBP1: TAR (HIV-1) RNA-binding protein 1 TAZ: Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif TC2N: Tandem C2 structural domain nuclear protein TCA: Tricarboxylic acid cycle TEAD: TEA domain transcription factor TGM2: Glutamine transaminase 2 TME: Tumour microenvironment TNBC: Triple-negative breast cancer TRAIL-R2: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 tRNA: Transfer RNA TrxR: Thioredoxin reductase UPS: Ubiquitin-proteasome system YAP: Yes-associated protein -KG: -Ketoglutarate References Vander Heiden MG, DeBerardinis RJ

People prefer subcutaneous injection when administering small amounts of medicines or vitamins, such as vitamin B12, at home

doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2012.02330.x

doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02125 25 HommaT.FujiiJ

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